Manufacture of Toothpaste
Toothpastes are generally either white abrasive pastes or clear gels. Although the formulations differ, they are made from similar ingredients; they may vary from country to country according to legislation on use of ingredients etc.

Dispersion and Hydration of Carbomers
Carbomers such as Carbopol® are water soluble vinyl polymers, used as emulsifying, stabilizing, suspending, thickening and gelling agents in many industries. They are widely used in manufacture of cosmetics and toiletries, including gels, creams and lotions, detergents, and air fresheners.

Dispersion and Hydration of Carbopol®
Carbopol® is a water soluble vinyl polymer, used as an emulsifying, stabilizing, suspending, thickening and gelling agent in many industries. Carbopol® is available in several different grades, which are widely used in manufacture of cosmetics and toiletries, including gels, creams and lotions, detergents, and air fresheners.

Production of Cosmetic Creams and Lotions
Cosmetic creams and lotions are used for a variety of purposes such as cleansing and moisturizing. The ingredients of these will be different according to the desired use, however to some extent the basic manufacturing process is the same.

Manufacture of Deodorants and Antiperspirants
A deodorant stops odor by killing skin bacteria with biocides and masking odor through fragrance. An antiperspirant reduces the amount of available water on the skin with astringents, most commonly aluminum salts. Both types of product are generally water in oil or water in silicone emulsions, containing active ingredients (biocides or aluminum salts), emulsifiers, gelling, suspending or thickening agents, waxes, emollients, preservatives, colorants and fragrance.

Dilution of High Active Surfacants
Surfactants such as Sodium Laureth Sulphate (SLES) are widely used in shampoo, bubble bath, liquid detergent and other cleansing products, and are traditionally supplied and used at a concentration of 25-28%. "High active" surfactants with a concentration of 65-70% are also available offering economies in transport and storage costs. They are also more resistant to microbiological attack and contain fewer impurities.

Nail Varnish Manufacture
Nail varnish (also called nail polish or enamel) is a lacquer consisting of ingredients as illustrated in the table below. Varnishes are produced in a variety of colors and finishes such as clear, metallic and pearlescent.

Manufacture of Shampoos
Shampoos area mixture of surfactants, conditioning agents, and many other ingredients in an aqueous base. In addition to basic shampoos which simply clean the hair, there are products designed for specific hair types;"2-in-l" shampoos and conditioners; products which offer properties such as treatment of dandruff; UV protection; some degree of coloring (although most hair colorants are based on conditioners rather than shampoos); and "medicated" products.